城市人工构筑物的多尺度生态影响

人工构筑物是城市生态系统的重要组成部分,是人-自然耦合关系的基本作用单元。自然要素中的水、土、气、生通过人工构筑物这一基本单元作用或影响人的生存、健康与发展,而人通过构筑物作用或影响自然中的水、土、气、生,进一步进化成人为主导、构筑物为基础、自然要素为条件的城市生态系统。论文综述了近年来人工构筑物多尺度生态影响的研究进展,评述了人工构筑物对土壤（水）、大气、生物生态影响的前沿动态,提出了各研究分支的关注重点及要解决的关键问题,分析了人工构筑物生态学研究的方法学问题与挑战,展望了未来该领域的基本发展走向。论文认为,构筑物生态影响涉及城乡水、土、气、生及人的健康等不同方面,现有的相关研究分散而局部,且受技术方法局限,分析结果存在很大的不确定性,研究面临巨大的转型挑战。未来构筑物生态学研究需要多学科、多尺度、多层次的系统化方法与技术的推动,城乡生态观测与实验技术的发展、多源数据处理技术以及智能计算方法的创新是该领域取得重大发展的基础与条件。     

减阻剂对管道内流动结构及安全性影响研究

减阻剂可以有效改变管道内流动结构,减少流动阻力,在保证管道输量的前提下,降低管道的工作压力,提高管道的安全性能。采用Giesekus模型对表面活性剂减阻流动进行直接数值模拟,并基于模拟计算结果,采用小波多分辨分析方法研究减阻剂对流动结构的影响,定量计算减阻剂的作用效果,分析其对管道运行安全的影响。计算结果表明:在减阻剂作用下,流向速度分量的大尺度脉动所含能量显著增强,与牛顿流体相比,减阻流体的大尺度结构增大约1.5倍,而小尺度流动结构明显减少,进一步证明了减阻剂对小尺度湍流结构的抑制作用。得到的减阻率为47.07%,可使管道在较低压力下运行,降低管道的安全风险,提升管道的安全性能。     

典型结构走廊火灾烟气流场的数值模拟研究

选取条形、L形、T形和环形走廊4种典型建筑结构为研究对象,使用火灾模拟软件FDS对4种典型结构的走廊发生火灾时的烟气流动规律进行了分析。初步得出建筑结构对于火灾烟气的流动和温度分布的影响:对于有封闭转角处的L形和环形走廊,转角处受到建筑封闭结构的阻碍和反浮力作用,热烟气易积聚;而无论何种形式的走廊,都会由于壁面限制和反浮力作用造成走廊末端热烟气的积聚;T形走廊交叉口处流通性较好,相对安全;这些容易造成烟气积聚的走廊转角和走廊末端的温度也会有所上升,而现在很多连接走廊的疏散楼梯都设置在走廊两端,反而不利于人员疏散。因此这些地方应引起重视,加强防火排烟措施。     

野战弹药雷电危害及防护

针对野战弹药这个特殊的防雷主体,分析了野外开设弹药仓库中存在的雷电危害问题。阐述了雷电危害的主要作用方式,并从野战弹药防雷的特殊性出发,制订了一些可行措施。对于常用的避雷设施避雷针、避雷线的防护范围给出了计算方法。     

典型飞机结构加速腐蚀试验方法研究

针对典型飞机结构的局部腐蚀环境开展了加速腐蚀环境谱及加速腐蚀试验方法研究,采用A和B两种加速腐蚀环境谱进行了对比试验。结果表明,在飞机结构加速腐蚀环境谱中采用铜加速乙酸盐雾试验,不仅具有明显的加速腐蚀作用,使试验历程大大缩短,而且能够较好地再现典型飞机结构的腐蚀损伤特征。     

Relationship of surface changes to metal leaching from tungsten composite shot exposed to three different soil types

Physical changes that occur on the surface of fired shots due to firing and impact with soil may increase the dissolution of muniton metals. Increased metal dissolution could potentially increase metal transport and leaching, affecting metal concentrations in surface and groundwater. This research describes the relationship between the surface changes on fired tungsten-nickel-iron (94% W:2% Ni:4% Fe) composite shots and metals leaching from those shots. Tungsten composite shot was fired into, and aged in, three soil types (Silty Sand, Sandy Clay, and Silt) in mesoscale rainfall lysimeters to simulate live-fire conditions and subsequent interactions between the metals of the composite and soil. Leachate, runoff, and soil samples were collected from the lysimeters and analyzed for metal content. The shots were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate surface changes. SEM results indicated that a soil’s particle size distribution initially affected the amount of metal that was sheared from the surface of the fired W-composite shots. Shearing was greatest in soils with larger soil particles (sand and gravel); shearing was least in soils composed of small soil particles (fines). Increased metallic shearing from the shot’s surface was associated with increased W dissolution, compared to controls, following a simulated 1 year soil aging.     

混凝土结构火灾爆裂危险性评估研究

通过对国内外相关研究成果的整理和分析,依据混凝土火灾爆裂危险性的影响因素,建立了混凝土结构火灾爆裂危险性分级评价体系。根据爆裂危险度值的大小将混凝土结构的爆裂危险性分为5级。爆裂危险性预测与实测结果的一致性显示了所提混凝土火灾爆裂危险性分级评价体系的有效性,可为混凝土构件和结构减灾防火设计提供参考。     

Are motorway wildlife passages worth building? Vertebrate use of road-crossing structures on a Spanish motorway

Numerous road and railway construction projects include costly mitigation measures to offset the barrier effect produced on local fauna, despite the scarcity of data on the effectiveness of such mitigation measures. In this study, we evaluate the utility of different types of crossing structures. Vertebrate use of 43 transverse crossing structures along the A-52 motorway (north-western Spain) was studied during spring 2001. Research centered on wildlife passages (9), wildlife-adapted box culverts (7), functional passages (6 overpasses, 7 underpasses) and culverts (14), with marble dust being used to record animal tracks. A total of 424 track-days were recorded, with most of the larger vertebrate groups present in the area being detected. All crossing structure types were used by animals, although the intensity of use varied significantly among them (Kruskal-Wallis test, p<0.05); culverts were used less frequently than other structures. Crossing structure type and width were identified as the most important factors in their selection for use. Wildlife passages and adapted culverts allowed crossing by certain species (wild boar, roe deer, Eurasian badger), which do not tend to cross elsewhere. These results highlight the importance of using both mixed-type structures and wildlife passages in reducing the barrier effect of roads.     

鸟粪石沉淀法回收污泥处理构筑物中氮磷的研究进展

污水处理厂氮磷的处理和回收已经成为必然。而污泥处理构筑物中氮磷的释放则进一步要求对其中释放的氮磷进行回收。本文介绍了国内外对鸟粪石形成条件、外加镁源以及各种利用鸟粪石沉淀法进行污泥处理构筑物中氮磷回收的研究现状，并对其在污泥处理构筑物氮磷回收中存在的问题进行了论述。     

A Decade of Geomorphic and Hydraulic Response to the La Valle Dam Project,Baraboo River,Wisconsin

We investigate stream response to the La Valle Dam removal and channel reconstruction by estimating channel hydraulic parameter values and changes in sedimentation within the reservoir. The designed channel reconstruction after the dam removal included placement of a riffle structure at the former dam site. Stream surveys undertaken in 1984 by Federal Emergency Management Agency and in 2001 by Doyle et al. were supplemented with surveys in 2009 and 2011 to study the effects of the instream structure. We created a model in HEC‐RAS IV and surface maps in Surfer© using the 1984, 2009, and 2011 surveys. The HEC‐RAS IV model for 2009 channel conditions indicates that the riffle structure decreases upstream channel shear stress and velocity, causing renewed deposition of sediment within the former reservoir. We estimate by 2009, 61% of former reservoir sediments were removed during dam removal and channel reconstruction. Between 2009 and 2011 renewed sedimentation within the former reservoir represented approximately 7.85% of the original reservoir volume. The HEC‐RAS IV models show the largest impacts of the dam and riffle structure occur at flood magnitudes at or below bankfull. Thus, the riffle and the dam similarly alter channel hydraulics and sediment transport. As such, our models indicate that the La Valle Dam project was a dam replacement rather than a removal. Our results confirm that channel reconstruction method can alter channel hydraulics, geomorphology, and sediment mobility.